De Born vun Nāgārjuna wiesen.

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[[Bild:Nagarjuna with 84 mahasiddha cropped.jpg|duum|Nāgārjuna med den 84 [[Mahasiddha|Mahasiddhas]] (Uutsnid)]]
'''Nāgārjuna''' ([[Sanskrit]]: नागार्जुन, [[IAST]]: nāgārjuna, [[Internatschonal Phoneetsch Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|naː.ˈgaːr.dʑu.nɐ}}; ümme '''*''' [[150]], ümme † [[250]] in [[Indien|Süüdindien]]) was een budhistschen [[Mönk]] un [[Philosophie|Philosophen]] uut den oolden Indien. He was een froen Anhanger van den [[Mahayana|Mahayana-Buddhismus]], vandage de gröttste Traditschoon binnen den [[Buddhismus]], un geld för den Gründer van’n buddhistschen Middelweg, de [[Madhyamaka|Madhyamaka-Schole]].<ref>>Jay L. Garfield: ''The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995; Walser (2005) S. 3.</ref>

Sien belangriekst Wärk, de ''[[Mulamadhyamakakarika|Mula-Madhyamaka-Karika]]'' („Höövdverse för den Middelweg“) es de wichtigste Text för de Madhyamaka-Philosophie un was de Grundlage to vèlen Kommentaren. Ook vandage noch es dat ''Mula-Madyamaka-Karika'' noch een wichtgen Text, den vèle studeert.<ref>Garfield (1995), S. 87.</ref>

== Lèven ==
[[Bild:Satvahana.svg|rechts|duum|Ene Kaarte van den Satavahana-Riek med Amaravathi (wo Nāgārjuna na Walser lève un wärke) un Vidarbha (wo Nāgārjuna na Kumārajīva lève)]]
=== Achtergrund ===
Dat oolde Indien was in’n eersten un tweden Jaarhunderd v. Chr in verscheden Staten deeld. Daar mang dat [[Kushanriek]] un dat Sātavāhana-Köningriek. De Buddhismus hadde sik al in verscheden Scholen scheed un sik in heel Indien uutbreed.

De Mahāyāna-Schole hadde daar eerst even begonnen un was ene Minderheed mang den Buddhisten to de Tied. Welke van den froen Mahāyāna-Sutras, wichtige Schriften för den Mahāyāna-Buddhismus, de läter de kanoonschen Schrivten van düsse Schole worden, weren man al in’n Ümmeloop.  Daar mang was dat ''[[Ashtasāharikā Prajnāpāramitā|Ashtasāharikā Prajnā-Pāramitā Sūtras]]'' (De 8000 Verse œver Vulkòmenheed van de Wiesheed).<ref>Walser (2005), S. 43; Mäll, Linnart. ''Studies in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and other essays.'' 2005. S. 96</ref>
=== Œversicht ===
Nich veel sèkers es œver dat Lèven van Nāgārjuna kundig. Een sèker Datum för de Geboord un Dood givt et nich. De Annamen langt van dat eerste bet na dat drüdde Jaarhunderd. De öldste nablèven Borns sind chineesche und tibeetsche Texten, de Jaarhunderde na sienen Dode schrèven worden un bòvento legendenhafte Geschichten vertellt.<ref>{{Literatur|Titel=Studies in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and other essays|Seiten=96|Jahr=2005|Autor=Linnart Mäll}}</ref> 

De öldsten Legenden med de gröttste Toverlaat up vertellt, dat Nāgārjuna een Berader för den Köning van Sātavāhana was, de to de Tied dat [[Dekkanhoogland|Hoogland van Dekkan]] in Süüdindien beherrsche. Na archäoloogschen Undersöök, könne düsse Köning [[Yajna Shri Shātakarni]] wèsen sien. Stimmt dat, könne een dat Lèven van Nāgārjuna up de Tied van 150–250 ingrensen.<ref>{{Literatur|Titel=A history of Buddhist philosophy|Autor=David J. Kalupahana|Seiten=160|Jahr=1994}}; {{Literatur|Autor=Joseph Walser|Titel=Nāgārjuna and the Ratnāvalī|Jahr=2002|Seiten=60f.}}</ref>

=== Traditschonelle Legenden ===
De öldste nablèven Legenden œver Nāgārjuna find sik in ene Biographie, de [[Kumārajīva]], een Mönk uut den Köningriek Kutscha (vandage in China), schreev un ümme 405 na’t Chineesche œversette. Na siene Biographie weren de Familie van Nāgārjuna Brahmanen un trèden läter to’n Buddhismus œver.<ref>{{Literatur|Autor=Joseph Walser|Titel=Nāgārjuna and the Ratnāvalī|Jahr=2002|Seiten=61, 87}}</ref>

Na den traditschonellen Legenden lere Nāgārjuna de [[Prajnaparamita|Prajnā-Pāramita-Sūtras]] („Aphorismen œver de vullkòmen Insicht“), de uut’r Tied van eersten bet dat sesste Jaarhunderd stammt un as een van den eersten Sūtras in’n Mahāyāna-Buddhismus tellt.<ref>{{Literatur|Autor=Paul Williams|Titel=Mahayana Buddhism|Jahr=2009|Seiten=47}}</ref>

De Legenden beschrivt Nāgārjuna faken halv Minsche, halv [[Nāga]], een œverminschlik Slangenwèsen in’r indschen Mythologie. Se sind in’n Buddhismus en Symbool för Wiesheed.<ref>{{Literatur|Autor=Joseph Walser|Titel=Nāgārjuna and the Ratnāvalī|Seiten=74|Jahr=2002}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Douglas Berger |url=https://iep.utm.edu/nagarjun/ |titel=Nagarjuna |werk=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |abruf=2023-11-17 |sprache=3n}}</ref> Na Legenden was Nāgārjuna ook een [[Alchemie|Alchemist]], de sik med Dränken unsichtbar maken konn oder Steen in Gold verwandeln konn.

== Wärke ==
Vèle Schrivten, de groten Inflood nòmen hadden, schrivt de Traditschoon Nāgārjuna to. Daar sind man vèle Wärke mang, de he waarschienlik nich schrèven het. Wat nu mang düsse falsch toschrèven Wärke, de ook [[Pseudepigraphie|Pseudepigraphien]] heet, doch authentsche Schrivten van Nāgārjuna  sind, da givt vèle striedige Ansichten œver.

De ''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā|Mūla-Madhyamaka-Kārikā]]'' ([[IAST]]: mūlamadhyamakakārikā) „Höövdverse för den Middelweg“ es dat bekannteste Wärk van Nāgārjuna. Dat Wärk versocht, wat Nāgārjuna as Wedderspröke in anderen buddhistschen Scholen bekeek, to wedderleggen, indem dat’t andere Positschonen bet in dat afsurde œverdrivt. So versocht Nāgārjuna to wiesen, dat alle Wèsen un Phenomene (''dharmas'') in œre Essenz (''svabhava'') leddig sind. 

== Litteratuur ==
* Garfield, Jay L. (1995), ''The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Garfield, Jay L. and Graham Priest (2003), “Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought”, ''Philosophy East and West'' 53 (January 2003): 1-21.
* Jones, Richard H. (2014), ''Nāgārjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher'', 2nd ed. New York: Jackson Square Books.
* Lamotte, E., ''Le Traite de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse'', Vol I (1944), Vol II (1949), Vol III (1970), Vol IV (1976), Institut Orientaliste: Louvain-la-Neuve.
* Lindtner, Christian (1982).'' Nagarjuniana: Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna'' Akademisk forlag.
* Mabbett, Ian, (1998), “The problem of the historical Nāgārjuna revisited”, ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 118(3): 332–46.
* Murti, T. R. V. (1955), ''The Central Philosophy of Buddhism''. George Allen and Unwin, London. 2nd edition: 1960.
* Murty, K. Satchidananda (1971), ''Nāgārjuna''. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 2nd edition: 1978.
* Ramanan, K. Venkata (1966), ''Nāgārjuna's Philosophy''. Charles E. Tuttle, Vermont and Tokyo. Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 1978.
* Ruegg, D. Seyfort (1981), ''The literature of the Madhyamaka school of philosophy in India (A History of Indian literature)'', Harrassowitz, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02204-0}}.
* Sastri, H. Chatterjee, ed. (1977), ''The Philosophy of Nāgārjuna as contained in the Ratnāvalī''. Part I [ Containing the text and introduction only ]. Saraswat Library, Calcutta.
* [[Frederick Streng|Streng, Frederick J.]] (1967), ''Emptiness: A Study in Religious Meaning''. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
* Tuck, Andrew P. (1990), ''Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship: on the Western Interpretation of Nāgārjuna'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Walser, Joseph (2002), [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403235727/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/Nagarjuna-and-the-Ratnavali.pdf Nāgārjuna And The Ratnavali: New Ways To Date An Old Philosopher], ''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'' 25 (1-2), 209-262
* Walser, Joseph (2005), ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture''. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Westerhoff, Jan (2010), ''The Dispeller of Disputes: Nāgārjuna's Vigrahavyāvartanī''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Westerhoff, Jan (2009), ''Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka. A Philosophical Introduction''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Wedemeyer, Christian K. (2007), ''Āryadeva's'' Lamp that Integrates the Practices: ''The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism according to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition''. New York: AIBS/Columbia University Press.

== Weblenken ==
{{Commonscat}}

*[http://indica-et-buddhica.org/repositorium/nagarjuna Nāgārjuna – Sanskrit Buddhist texts: Acintyastava, Bodhicittavivaraṇa, Ratnāvalī, Mūlamadhyamakakārikās &c.]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/ia/banav.htm#pp_2 Overview of traditional biographical accounts]
* [http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/Garland_of_Ratnavali.html Online version of the Ratnāvalī (Precious Garland) in English] Translated by Prof. Vidyakaraprabha and Bel-dzek
* [http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/original-texts/sutra-texts/letter-to-a-friend Online version of the Suhṛllekha (Letter to a Friend) in English] Translated by Alexander Berzin
* Works by or about Nāgārjuna at Internet Archive
* Works by Nāgārjuna at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110207215921/http://www.byomakusuma.org/Articles/tabid/55/Default.aspx Nārāgjuna vis-à-vis the Āgama-s and Nikāya-s] Byoma Kusuma Nepalese Dharmasangha (archived)
* [http://www.thezensite.com/MainPages/nagarjuna.html ZenEssays: Nāgārjuna and the Madhyamika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183514/http://www.stephenbatchelor.org/index.php/en/verses-from-the-center Mula madhyamaka karika] online Tibetan and English version translated by Stephen Batchelor (archived) 

== Nawiese ==
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